Transonic flow hysteresis in divergent bent channels

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of the 2D and 3D turbulent airflows in divergent 9°-bent channels. The incoming flow is supersonic, whereas the exit flow may be either supersonic or subsonic. Solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are obtained with a finite-volume solver ANSYS CFX using the Spalart-Allmaras and Shear Stress Transport k-ω turbulence models. The solutions reveal a significant hysteresis of the flow field under variations of the free-stream Mach number or exit pressure. At the ends of hysteresis bands, the flow pattern changes crucially due to instability of a shock wave formed near the bend of channel. The instability is caused by the shock foot interaction with an expansion flow developed over the convex wall of channel. Boundary conditions, in which the flow admits a double hysteresis, are figured out. The occurrence of non-unique flow regimes must be taken into account in the advanced intake design, as different losses of the total pressure may cause different trusts of an air breathing engine.