Hydrogen fuel cells for sustainable energy: Development and progress in selected developed countries

Abstract

Abstract The sustainable development goals concept towards zero carbon emission, set forth by the Paris Agreement, is the foundation of decarbonisation implemented in most developed countries worldwide. One of the efforts in the decarbonisation of the environment is through hydrogen fuel cell technology. A fuel cell is an energy converter device that produces electricity via the electrochemical reaction, with water as the by-product. The application of fuel cells is strongly related to the economic aspect, including local and infrastructure costs, making it more relevant to be implemented in a developed country. This work presents a short review of the development and progress of hydrogen fuel cells in a developed country such as Japan, Germany, USA, Denmark, and China (in transition between developing to developed status); which championed hydrogen fuel cell technology in their region.