Structural and Optical Characteristics of Nanoscale Semiconductor Lasers for Telecommunication and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

Abstract This paper presents the structural and optical characteristics of nanoscale semiconductor lasers for telecommunication and biomedical applications. Improved fabrication techniques, new materials and nano-scale heterostructures have led to improvement in the device performance. The material selection and their bandgap have an important role in the heterostructure to generate a lasing wavelength for particular applications. The bandgap modification can be done by the use of alloy semiconductor, quantum well structure, and strain layer epitaxy without changing the material itself. Semiconductor multilayers on the substrate are generally grown by using the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process. Many researchers have provided different designs of heterostructures for the lasers. Generally, lasers are manufactured by using different semiconductor layers grown on GaAs, InP or GaSb substrate at the nanoscale. But controlling the thickness of the layer grown on the substrate at the nanoscale is the major problem in the fabrication. In a study, it has been found that for the proper functioning of semiconductor lasers it is beneficial to have light conduction and valence band masses. By using band structure engineering theory of quantum confinement and incorporation of strain on the active layer, this problem can be resolved. Red lasers are currently used in biomedical applications for treatment of superficial skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo etc. The manufacturing of red laser was earlier done by using nitrides material but they are harmful to skin and are expensive as well. An alternative for designing of red laser is manufacturing red lasers by using phosphides. The red laser is manufactured by using GaInP and AlGaInP ternary and quaternary compounds are widely used in the biomedical industry currently. This paper is the outcomes of the papers presented by many researchers in the field of optoelectronics.