Linear stochastic thermodynamics

Abstract

Abstract We study the thermodynamics of open systems weakly driven out-of-equilibrium by nonconservative and time-dependent forces using the linear regime of stochastic thermodynamics. We make use of conservation laws to identify the potential and nonconservative components of the forces. This allows us to formulate a unified near-equilibrium thermodynamics. For nonequilibrium steady states, we obtain an Onsager theory ensuring nonsingular response matrices that is consistent with phenomenological linear irreversible thermodynamics. For time-dependent driving protocols that do not produce nonconservative forces, we identify the equilibrium ensemble from which Green–Kubo relations are recovered. For arbitrary periodic drivings, the averaged entropy production (EP) is expressed as an independent sum over each driving frequency of non-negative contributions. These contributions are bilinear in the nonconservative and conservative forces and involve a novel generalized Onsager matrix that is symmetric. In the most general case of arbitrary time-dependent drivings, we advance a novel decomposition of the EP rate into two non-negative contributions—one solely due to nonconservative forces and the other solely due to deviation from the instantaneous steady-state—directly implying a minimum EP principle close to equilibrium. This setting reveals the geometric structure of near-equilibrium thermodynamics and generalizes previous approaches to cases with nonconservative forces.