Irradiated animal bedding material derived from cattail leaves and rice straw with orthophosphoric acid activation for amplified ammonia absorption

Abstract

Abstract This scientific study investigates the suitability of cattail leaves and rice straw as biomass materials for animal bedding. Cattail, an invasive plant species known for its ability to thrive in nutrient-rich environments, offers high cellulose content for absorption. In combination with rice straw, which is readily available and cost-effective, the aim is to achieve optimal carbon-to-nitrogen ratios that suppress the growth of microorganisms. To resist bacterial growth, the mixed cattail leaves and rice straw samples undergo treatment with orthophosphoric acid at concentration of 25%, 30%, and 35% v/v, followed by gamma irradiation at 25 kGy. A comprehensive evaluation of the materials, focusing on surface morphology, water absorption, ammonia absorption, and bacterial resistance was conducted. SEM images provide evidence of dramatic surface restructuring. Samples treated with 30% v/v orthophosphoric acid exhibit enhanced water absorption capacities, and can absorb water equivalent to 2.2 times their own weight. Also, samples containing a 1:1 ratio of cattail leaves and rice straw demonstrate superior ammonia absorptions as evidenced by gas chromatography (GC) measurements compared to other samples. After sample irradiation, less bacterial growth was observed by optical density measurements. These findings support the potential utilization of a 1:1 ratio of cattail leaves and rice straw, treated with orthophosphoric acid of 30% v/v and irradiated with gamma radiation, as an effective animal bedding material. This combination offers advantages in terms of waste absorption and microbial control, making it a promising option for use in animal husbandry and laboratory settings.