Hydrogen production by water photo-sonolysis: a modal approach to enhance the ultrasonic acoustic field in the solution

Abstract

Abstract Water photo-sonolysis is considered one of the most innovative ways of hydrogen production. Cited by the Italian strategy on hydrogen research as a promising field for innovation research, it consists of the coupling work of solar-light electromagnetic waves and mechanical ultrasonic waves to induce water splitting. Water photolysis requires catalysts to be performed and optimized, whereas ultrasound sonolysis acts independently. In the state of the art, it was experimentally demonstrated that the rates of hydrogen production by sonolysis rise according to resonance peaks of the solution in function of ultrasound wavelength. To enhance the effects of the ultrasound, the resonance of the solution can be geometrically achieved by acoustic modal analysis of a set of possible solution volumes. According to the geometry of the photo-sono reactor at the lab scale, the shape of the tested solution volumes is cylindrical. The modal analysis was led in a Matlab environment considering the cylindrical volume’s geometry and the fluid’s physical properties. To check the reliability of the simulated results, pressure measurements were led at the lab scale on the simulated water volumes by means of a hydrophone at a significant number of points.