Laminar-turbulent transitions during thermal gravitational-capillary convection in horizontal liquid layers heated from below

Abstract

Abstract The evolution of the spatial form of the flow versus the Rayleigh number in layers with two rigid horizontal boundaries and layers with a free surface is experimentally investigated depending on the Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers. The experiments were carried out with layers of ethyl alcohol and water. A thermal imager was used to measure temperature fields on free surfaces of liquids.