Developing mathematics activity book for kindergarten based on Iceberg theory

Abstract

Abstract Cognitive development that must be considered in kindergarten is the ability to count which includes the concepts of addition and subtraction. Abstract mathematical concepts are not always well received by kindergarten students. Therefore, to support optimal child development, appropriate stimulants are needed. Some kindergarten students experience still have difficulties in summing numbers abstractly. There are also those who have difficulty in the counting process, both outlining and adding up. In addition, there are also students who are less able to write the large number of objects into numerical symbols. Given the various difficulties that can be experienced by kindergarten students in learning the concepts of addition and subtraction, one way that can be used to introduce the concepts of addition and subtraction in kindergarten students is by using the Iceberg approach. Iceberg is known as an iceberg phenomenon. The process of forming icebergs in the sea always starts from the bottom beneath the surface of the sea and so on finally forms the tip of the iceberg that appears above sea level. The base of the iceberg is wider than its peak, thus the construction of the iceberg becomes sturdy and stable. Introducing a mathematical concept based on the Iceberg approach means that in the iceberg model there are four levels of activity, namely: 1) mathematical orientation of the environment, 2) Model of teaching aids, 3) making of foundations (Building stone), and 4) formal mathematics. With this step it is hoped that kindergarten students who are still in the pre-operational stage can more easily understand abstract mathematical concepts because the concept begins with the introduction of concrete objects around students. The purpose of this study is to developing mathematics activity books based on the Iceberg theory to introduce the concepts of addition and subtraction for kindergarten.