Spray nebulization enables polycaprolactone nanofiber production in a manner suitable for generation of scaffolds or direct deposition of nanofibers onto cells

Abstract

Abstract Spray nebulization is an elegant, but relatively unstudied, technique for scaffold production. Herein we fabricated mesh scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers via spray nebulization of 8% PCL in dichloromethane (DCM) using a 55.2 kPa compressed air stream and 17 ml h−1 polymer solution flow rate. Using a refined protocol, we tested the hypothesis that spray nebulization would simultaneously generate nanofibers and eliminate solvent, yielding a benign environment at the point of fiber deposition that enabled the direct deposition of nanofibers onto cell monolayers. Nanofibers were collected onto a rotating plate 20 cm from the spray nozzle, but could be collected onto any static or moving surface. Scaffolds exhibited a mean nanofiber diameter of 910 ± 190 nm, ultimate tensile strength of 2.1 ± 0.3 MPa, elastic modulus of 3.3 ± 0.4 MPa, and failure strain of 62 ± 6%. In vitro, scaffolds supported growth of human keratinocyte cell epithelial-like layers, consistent with potential utility as a dermal scaffold. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that DCM had vaporized and was undetectable in scaffolds immediately following production. Exploiting the rapid elimination of DCM during fiber production, we demonstrated that nanofibers could be directly deposited on to cell monolayers, without compromising cell viability. This is the first description of spray nebulization generating nanofibers using PCL in DCM. Using this method, it is possible to rapidly produce nanofiber scaffolds, without need for high temperatures or voltages, yielding a method that could potentially be used to deposit nanofibers onto cell cultures or wound sites.