Critique of the use of geodesics in astrophysics and cosmology

Abstract

Abstract Since particles obey wave equations, in general one is not free to postulate that particles move on the geodesics associated with test particles. Rather, for this to be the case one has to be able to derive such behavior starting from the equations of motion that the particles obey, and to do so one can employ the eikonal approximation. To see what kind of trajectories might occur we explore the domain of support of the propagators associated with the wave equations, and extend the results of some previous propagator studies that have appeared in the literature. For a minimally coupled massless scalar field the domain of support in curved space is not restricted to the light cone, while for a conformally coupled massless scalar field the curved space domain is only restricted to the light cone if the scalar field propagates in a conformal to flat background. Consequently, eikonalization does not in general lead to null geodesics for curved space massless rays even though it does lead to straight line trajectories in flat spacetime. Equal remarks apply to the conformal invariant Maxwell equations. However, for massive particles one does obtain standard geodesic behavior this way, since they do not propagate on the light cone to begin with. Thus depending on how big the curvature actually is, in principle, even if not necessarily in practice, the standard null-geodesic-based gravitational bending formula and the general behavior of propagating light rays are in need of modification in regions with high enough curvature. We show how to appropriately modify the geodesic equations in such situations. We show that relativistic eikonalization has an intrinsic light-front structure, and show that eikonalization in a theory with local conformal symmetry leads to trajectories that are only globally conformally symmetric. Propagation of massless particles off the light cone is a curved space reflection of the fact that when light travels through a refractive medium in flat spacetime its velocity is modified from its free flat spacetime value. In the presence of gravity spacetime itself acts as a medium, and this medium can then take light rays off the light cone. This is also manifest in a conformal invariant scalar field theory propagator in two spacetime dimensions. It takes support off the light cone, doing so in fact even if the geometry is conformal to flat. We show that it is possible to obtain eikonal trajectories that are exact without approximation, and show that normals to advancing wavefronts follow these exact eikonal trajectories, with these trajectories being the trajectories along which energy and momentum are transported. In general then, in going from flat space to curved space one does not generalize flat space geodesics to curved space geodesics. Rather, one generalizes flat space wavefront normals (normals that are geodesic in flat space) to curved space wavefront normals, and in curved space normals to wavefronts do not have to be geodesic.