Exact FLRW cosmological solutions via invariants of the symmetry groups

Abstract

Abstract Until now, various methods have been demonstrated to solve the Friedmann-Lamaítre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) equations in the spatially flat (k = 0) cosmological model. In this study, in order to solve the field equations of the spatially flat FLRW cosmological model in the presence of Λ, a new method based on the invariants of the symmetry groups which we called ISG-method, is presented. This method is based on the extended Prelle-Singer (PS) method and it uses the Lie point symmetry, λ-symmetry and Darboux polynomials (DPs). We employ this method to extract systematically the two independent first integrals (or invariants) such as I 1 ( a , a ̇ ) = c 1 and I 2 ( t , a , a ̇ ) = c 2 associated to the group of the Lie point transformations keeping the Friedmann-Einstein dynamical equation (DE), a ̈ = ϕ ( t , a , a ̇ ) , invariant. The obtained solutions from solving the DEs of the FLRW cosmological model by the ISG-method are explicitly written, so that they are suitable for cosmological applications. Finally, as an application of the solutions we look at the age of universe in the presence of cosmological constant where the dominant matter of the Universe is considered to be fluid with the state parameter w. In this regard, we calculate the age of universe when the dominant matter is dust.