Variable range hopping conduction mechanisms in reduced rutile TiO2

Abstract

Abstract In this study, obtained samples via reducing Rutile TiO2 by Mg are analyzed to determine the titanium suboxide phases and the dominant structural phase in each sample. By increasing the heat treatment temperature or the amount of reducing agent (Mg), the amount of suboxide phases Ti n O2n−1 (1 ≤ n < 10) with the lower n values increases, and TiO is the main phase in the samples with a low electrical resistivity. The hopping conduction mechanism is also investigated in the temperature range of 11.5–300 K, and the characteristic parameters describing the conduction mechanism are determined and discussed. For samples with a low electrical resistivity, the nearest neighbor hopping (NNH) conduction mechanism governs the charge transport properties below 220 K, and a transition from the NNH to the Mott-variable range hopping (VRH) conduction regimes is observed at ∼65 K. In addition, the Efros-Shklovskii (ES)-VRH conduction process governs at low temperatures below 18 K, and the last crossover from the Mott-VRH to the ES-VRH models illustrates the strong electron-electron Coulomb interaction, which leads to the Coulomb gap (∼1 meV) at low temperatures. According to the obtained hopping parameters, the low resistivity samples are close to the metal-insulator transition. For samples with a high electrical resistivity, the hopping conduction relations are not fitted to the resistivity-temperature curves, and probably it is related to the resistive switching behavior of the material, which changes the nature and conductivity properties, and is depicted in the current-voltage (I-V) curve.