General high-order lump solutions and their dynamics in the Levi equations

Abstract

Abstract General high-order lump solutions are derived for the Levi equations based on the Hirota bilinear method and Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy reduction technique. These lump solutions are given in terms of Gram determinants whose matrix elements are connected to Schur polynomials. Thus, our solutions have explicit algebraic expressions. Their dynamic behaviors are analyzed by using density maps. It is shown that when the absolute value of one group of these internal parameters in the lump solutions is very large, lump solutions exhibit obvious geometric structures. Interestingly, we have shown that their initial and middle state solutions possess various exciting geometric patterns, including hexagon, decagon, tetradecagon, etc and other quasi-structures in addition to the standard triangle, pentagon type patterns. Because the internal parameters are not complex conjugates of each other, the dynamic behaviors of solutions are richer. These results make several contributions to the current literature and have a number of important implications for further analysis of fluid dynamics in non-homogeneous media.