Effect of graphene oxide loaded on TiO2-nanotube-modified Ti on inflammatory responses

Abstract

Abstract Although a titanium matrix modified with titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) arrays can have anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, these effects are limited. In this study, the TNT surface was modified by electrodepositing graphene oxide (GO) to enhance the anti-inflammatory effect of the material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction were used to characterize each of these materials. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to determine the cell proliferation status. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining, and RNA sequencing were used to assess the regulation of inflammation in each group. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that GO was successfully loaded onto the surface. The SEM, ELISA, fluorescence staining, and RNA sequencing results indicated that TNT-GO can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and induce the M2 polarization of macrophages. TNT-GO can weaken the surface inflammatory responses of materials, suppress the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promote the M2 polarization of macrophages. These advantageous properties render TNT-GO a promising material for dental implants.