Author:
Antochi V.C.,Baudis L.,Bollig J.,Brown A.,Budnik R.,Cichon D.,Conrad J.,Ferella A.D.,Galloway M.,Hoetzsch L.,Kazama S.,Koltman G.,Landsman H.,Lindner M.,Mahlstedt J.,Marrodán Undagoitia T.,Pelssers B.,Volta G.,Wack O.,Wulf J.
Abstract
Abstract
Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are often used in
low-background particle physics experiments, which rely on an
excellent response to single-photon signals and stable long-term
operation. In particular, the Hamamatsu R11410 model is the light
sensor of choice for liquid xenon dark matter experiments, including
XENONnT. The same PMT model was also used for the predecessor,
XENON1T, where issues affecting its long-term operation were
observed. Here, we report on an improved PMT testing procedure
which ensures optimal performance in XENONnT. Using both new and
upgraded facilities, we tested 368 new PMTs in a cryogenic xenon
environment. We developed new tests targeted at the detection of
light emission and the degradation of the PMT vacuum through small
leaks, which can lead to spurious signals known as afterpulses, both
of which were observed in XENON1T.
We exclude the use of 26 of the 368 tested PMTs and categorise the
remainder according to their performance. Given that we have
improved the testing procedure, yet we rejected fewer PMTs, we
expect significantly better PMT performance in XENONnT.
Subject
Mathematical Physics,Instrumentation
Cited by
15 articles.
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