Calibration of the underground muon detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author:

Aab A.,Abreu P.,Aglietta M.,Albury J.M.,Allekotte I.,Almela A.,Alvarez-Muñiz J.,Alves Batista R.,Anastasi G.A.,Anchordoqui L.,Andrada B.,Andringa S.,Aramo C.,Araújo Ferreira P.R.,Arteaga Velázquez J.C.,Asorey H.,Assis P.,Avila G.,Badescu A.M.,Bakalova A.,Balaceanu A.,Barbato F.,Barreira Luz R.J.,Becker K.H.,Bellido J.A.,Berat C.,Bertaina M.E.,Bertou X.,Biermann P.L.,Bister T.,Biteau J.,Blazek J.,Bleve C.,Boháčová M.,Boncioli D.,Bonifazi C.,Bonneau Arbeletche L.,Borodai N.,Botti A.M.,Brack J.,Bretz T.,Brichetto Orchera P.G.,Briechle F.L.,Buchholz P.,Bueno A.,Buitink S.,Buscemi M.,Caballero-Mora K.S.,Caccianiga L.,Canfora F.,Caracas I.,Carceller J.M.,Caruso R.,Castellina A.,Catalani F.,Cataldi G.,Cazon L.,Cerda M.,Chinellato J.A.,Choi K.,Chudoba J.,Chytka L.,Clay R.W.,Cobos Cerutti A.C.,Colalillo R.,Coleman A.,Coluccia M.R.,Conceição R.,Condorelli A.,Consolati G.,Contreras F.,Convenga F.,Correia dos Santos D.,Covault C.E.,Dasso S.,Daumiller K.,Dawson B.R.,Day J.A.,de Almeida R.M.,de Jesús J.,de Jong S.J.,De Mauro G.,de Mello Neto J.R.T.,De Mitri I.,de Oliveira J.,de Oliveira Franco D.,de Palma F.,de Souza V.,De Vito E.,del Río M.,Deligny O.,Di Matteo A.,Dobrigkeit C.,D'Olivo J.C.,dos Anjos R.C.,Dova M.T.,Ebr J.,Engel R.,Epicoco I.,Erdmann M.,Escobar C.O.,Etchegoyen A.,Falcke H.,Farmer J.,Farrar G.,Fauth A.C.,Fazzini N.,Feldbusch F.,Fenu F.,Fick B.,Figueira J.M.,Filipčič A.,Fodran T.,Freire M.M.,Fujii T.,Fuster A.,Galea C.,Galelli C.,García B.,Garcia Vegas A.L.,Gemmeke H.,Gesualdi F.,Gherghel-Lascu A.,Ghia P.L.,Giaccari U.,Giammarchi M.,Giller M.,Glombitza J.,Gobbi F.,Gollan F.,Golup G.,Gómez Berisso M.,Gómez Vitale P.F.,Gongora J.P.,González J.M.,González N.,Goos I.,Góra D.,Gorgi A.,Gottowik M.,Grubb T.D.,Guarino F.,Guedes G.P.,Guido E.,Hahn S.,Hamal P.,Hampel M.R.,Hansen P.,Harari D.,Harvey V.M.,Haungs A.,Hebbeker T.,Heck D.,Hill G.C.,Hojvat C.,Hörandel J.R.,Horvath P.,Hrabovský M.,Huege T.,Hulsman J.,Insolia A.,Isar P.G.,Janecek P.,Johnsen J.A.,Jurysek J.,Kääpä A.,Kampert K.H.,Keilhauer B.,Kemp J.,Klages H.O.,Kleifges M.,Kleinfeller J.,Köpke M.,Kunka N.,Lago B.L.,Lang R.G.,Langner N.,Leigui de Oliveira M.A.,Lenok V.,Letessier-Selvon A.,Lhenry-Yvon I.,Lo Presti D.,Lopes L.,López R.,Lu L.,Luce Q.,Lucero A.,Lundquist J.P.,Machado Payeras A.,Mancarella G.,Mandat D.,Manning B.C.,Manshanden J.,Mantsch P.,Marafico S.,Mariazzi A.G.,Mariş I.C.,Marsella G.,Martello D.,Martinez H.,Martínez Bravo O.,Mastrodicasa M.,Mathes H.J.,Matthews J.,Matthiae G.,Mayotte E.,Mazur P.O.,Medina-Tanco G.,Melo D.,Menshikov A.,Merenda K.-D.,Michal S.,Micheletti M.I.,Miramonti L.,Mollerach S.,Montanet F.,Morello C.,Mostafá M.,Müller A.L.,Muller M.A.,Mulrey K.,Mussa R.,Muzio M.,Namasaka W.M.,Nasr-Esfahani A.,Nellen L.,Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.,Niechciol M.,Nitz D.,Nosek D.,Novotny V.,Nožka L.,Nucita A.,Núñez L.A.,Palatka M.,Pallotta J.,Papenbreer P.,Parente G.,Parra A.,Pech M.,Pedreira F.,Pȩkala J.,Pelayo R.,Peña-Rodriguez J.,Pereira Martins E.E.,Perez Armand J.,Pérez Bertolli C.,Perlin M.,Perrone L.,Petrera S.,Pierog T.,Pimenta M.,Pirronello V.,Platino M.,Pont B.,Pothast M.,Privitera P.,Prouza M.,Puyleart A.,Querchfeld S.,Rautenberg J.,Ravignani D.,Reininghaus M.,Ridky J.,Riehn F.,Risse M.,Rizi V.,Rodrigues de Carvalho W.,Rodriguez Rojo J.,Roncoroni M.J.,Roth M.,Roulet E.,Rovero A.C.,Ruehl P.,Saffi S.J.,Saftoiu A.,Salamida F.,Salazar H.,Salina G.,Sanabria Gomez J.D.,Sánchez F.,Santos E.M.,Santos E.,Sarazin F.,Sarmento R.,Sarmiento-Cano C.,Sato R.,Savina P.,Schäfer C.M.,Scherini V.,Schieler H.,Schimassek M.,Schimp M.,Schlüter F.,Schmidt D.,Scholten O.,Schovánek P.,Schröder F.G.,Schröder S.,Schulte J.,Sciutto S.J.,Scornavacche M.,Segreto A.,Sehgal S.,Shellard R.C.,Sigl G.,Silli G.,Sima O.,Šmída R.,Sommers P.,Soriano J.F.,Souchard J.,Squartini R.,Stadelmaier M.,Stanca D.,Stanič S.,Stasielak J.,Stassi P.,Streich A.,Suárez-Durán M.,Sudholz T.,Suomijärvi T.,Supanitsky A.D.,Šupík J.,Szadkowski Z.,Taboada A.,Tapia A.,Taricco C.,Timmermans C.,Tkachenko O.,Tobiska P.,Todero Peixoto C.J.,Tomé B.,Travaini A.,Travnicek P.,Trimarelli C.,Trini M.,Tueros M.,Ulrich R.,Unger M.,Vaclavek L.,Vacula M.,Valdés Galicia J.F.,Valore L.,Varela E.,Varma K.C. V.,Vásquez-Ramírez A.,Veberič D.,Ventura C.,Vergara Quispe I.D.,Verzi V.,Vicha J.,Vink J.,Vorobiov S.,Wahlberg H.,Watanabe C.,Watson A.A.,Weber M.,Weindl A.,Wiencke L.,Wilczyński H.,Winchen T.,Wirtz M.,Wittkowski D.,Wundheiler B.,Yushkov A.,Zapparrata O.,Zas E.,Zavrtanik D.,Zavrtanik M.,Zehrer L.,Zepeda A.

Abstract

Abstract To obtain direct measurements of the muon content of extensive air showers with energy above 1016.5 eV, the Pierre Auger Observatory is currently being equipped with an underground muon detector (UMD), consisting of 219 10 m2-modules, each segmented into 64 scintillators coupled to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Direct access to the shower muon content allows for the study of both of the composition of primary cosmic rays and of high-energy hadronic interactions in the forward direction. As the muon density can vary between tens of muons per m2 close to the intersection of the shower axis with the ground to much less than one per m2 when far away, the necessary broad dynamic range is achieved by the simultaneous implementation of two acquisition modes in the read-out electronics: the binary mode, tuned to count single muons, and the ADC mode, suited to measure a high number of them. In this work, we present the end-to-end calibration of the muon detector modules: first, the SiPMs are calibrated by means of the binary channel, and then, the ADC channel is calibrated using atmospheric muons, detected in parallel to the shower data acquisition. The laboratory and field measurements performed to develop the implementation of the full calibration chain of both binary and ADC channels are presented and discussed. The calibration procedure is reliable to work with the high amount of channels in the UMD, which will be operated continuously, in changing environmental conditions, for several years.

Publisher

IOP Publishing

Subject

Mathematical Physics,Instrumentation

Cited by 12 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Characterization of SiPM performance in a small satellite in low earth orbit using LabOSat-01;Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment;2024-10

2. Dark Current Degradation in SiPMs Along Full Orbits in LEO;2024 Argentine Conference on Electronics (CAE);2024-03-07

3. Method to measure muon content of extensive air showers with LHAASO KM2A-WCDA synergy;Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment;2024-02

4. Reconstruction of air shower muon lateral distribution functions using integrator and binary modes of underground muon detectors;The European Physical Journal C;2023-12-19

5. The upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory: AugerPrime;NUOVO CIM C-COLLOQ C;2023

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