Assessing the advantages of CFR-PEEK over titanium spinal stabilization implants in proton therapy—a phantom study

Abstract

Abstract High-density materials, such as titanium, used for spinal stabilization, introduces several critical issues in proton therapy (PT). Artefacts affect both contouring and dose calculation. Subsequently, artefacts need to be corrected which is a time-consuming process. Besides, titanium causes proton interactions that are unaccounted for in dose calculation. The result is a suboptimal treatment plan, and indeed decreased local controls have been reported for these patients. Carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) implant material, which is of low density, potentially solves these issues. For this study, we designed a unique phantom to compare the effects of titanium and CFR-PEEK implants in PT. The phantom contains four interchangeable spinal inserts representing a native spine, and three different spinal stabilizations consisting of titanium only, CFR-PEEK only, and a combination of titanium and CFR-PEEK. All phantom scenarios received the standard treatment workup. Two planning approaches were investigated: a single field plan and a multi-field optimized plan with spinal cord sparing. For both plans we analyzed the following aspects: total volume of artefacts on CT images, time required for artefact correction, effect of planning CT correction on dose calculation, plan robustness to range and set up uncertainties, and finally the discrepancy between the calculated dose and the delivered dose with Gafchromic® film. The CFR-PEEK implant had a 90% reduction of artefacts on CT images and subsequently severely reduced the time for artefact correction with respect to the titanium-only implant. Furthermore, the CFR-PEEK as opposed to titanium did not influence the robustness of the plan. Finally, the titanium implants led to hardware-related discrepancies between the planned and the measured dose while the CFR-PEEK implant showed good agreement. As opposed to titanium, CFR-PEEK has none to minor effects on PT. The use of CFR-PEEK is expected to optimize treatment and possibly improve outcomes for patients that require spinal stabilization.