Universal pause of the human-perceived winter warming in the 21st century over China

Abstract

Abstract Low-temperature weather accompanied by strong chill wind is considered as a great risk factor for human health in winter, especially in some extreme weather conditions. Based on the observation data and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of air temperature and wind velocity in 1961–2019, the warming pause of wind chill temperature (WCT) in the 21st century in China is first revealed in this paper. A significant increasing trend of WCT is found during 1961–1999 (P1), and a slight decreasing trend in 1999–2019 (P2) is detected by a 21 year running trend analysis. The extreme cold WCT day (WCD) with the WCT index below the 10th percentile also shows a decreasing trend in P1 but a slight increasing trend in P2. Both the WCT and the extreme WCD consistently display the warming pause in seven climatic regions in China. That means the slowdown or even decrease of human bioclimatic temperature in recent two decades may lead to an increasing risk of frostbite and other cold-related diseases in the country. Both the decreasing trend of mean temperature and the increasing trend of the wind speed contribute to the slowdown of the human-perceived warming in the 21st century, and this conjoint contribution could be linked to the East Asian winter monsoon circulations over Siberia, i.e. the Siberian high. The variation of averaged sea level pressure over the central region of the Siberian high shows high consistency with both the WCT and the extreme WCD in the whole study period, by a decreasing rate of −1.28 hPa per decade in P1 and an increasing rate of 1.26 hPa per decade in P2.