Winter cold extremes over the eastern North America: Pacific origins of interannual-to-decadal variability

Abstract

Abstract Winter cold extreme events have been observed to frequently take place over North America mainly over its east side, which show significant interannual and decadal variability and cause huge economic losses in the United States. However, it is unclear what leads to the interannual-decadal variability of winter cold extremes over the eastern North America. In this study, we indicate that the decadal variability of winter cold extremes over the eastern North America, whose period is shortened in the recent decades, is mainly tied to Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), whereas their interannual variability is mainly regulated by Victoria mode (VM). A positive PDO promotes cold extremes in the lower latitudes of the eastern North America mainly owing to the presence of positive Pacific North American (PNA+) patterns, whereas a positive VM is favorable for intense cold extremes in the higher latitudes of the eastern North America mainly due to the occurrence of negative North Pacific oscillation (NPO−) patterns. Thus, the positive VM and PDO combine to significantly contribute to the interannual-to-decadal variability of winter cold extremes over the eastern North America through changes in the winter NPO− and PNA+ patterns due to the variations of meridional background potential vorticity gradient and basic zonal winds. These new findings can help us understand what are the origins of the interannual-decadal variability of winter cold extremes over the eastern North America.