Timing the opening and closure of the aortic valve using a phonocardiogram envelope: a performance test for systolic time intervals measurement

Abstract

Abstract Objective. This work explored the reliability of using points on the heart sounds envelope as indicators of the opening and closure of the aortic valve (AVO, AVC) to measure the pre-ejection period (PEP) and the left ventricular ejection time (LVET). Approach. 36 phonocardiograms (PCGs) from healthy subjects and cardiovascular disease subjects were denoised using single-channel independent component analysis (SCICA) and, from the Hilbert envelopes, the positions of the S1 and S2 peaks were detected (pS1, pS2). Complementarily, the positions of the local maxima of S1 and S2 (mS1, mS2) and the points surrounding pS1 and pS2 (tS1, tS2) were obtained. Finally, the reliability of these points (and the corresponding PEP and LVET intervals) was evaluated by the calculation of three error indexes (ePEP, eLVET, and score) and by comparison to reference annotations provided by echocardiography using the Bland–Altman analysis and the paired T-test. Main results. The results indicated that, from a total of 920 and 341 heartbeats in the healthy and diseased groups, respectively, the timing points given by pS1 and pS2 (or mS1 and mS2) were unlikely to substitute for the reference annotations and, thus, are unreliable for measuring the PEP and LVET intervals in the PCG. The t-points evaluation, on the other hand, indicated that tS1 was likely to substitute for AVO and was thus reliable for measuring the PEP using the PCG, with median and interquartile ranges of 0.3(8.3) ms and −0.2(7.5) ms for each group. Future work will generate an envelope with higher temporal resolution, from where tS1 and tS2 can be more accurately detected to improve the PEP and LVET measurements on a larger dataset. Significance. The statistical tests revealed that the envelope of S1 is suitable for extracting a timing point from which the pre-ejection interval can be reliably quantified, and discarded the local maximum used in other studies.