Size-dependent mechanical analysis of porous functionally graded piezoelectric micro/nanoscale structures: a literature review

Abstract

Abstract Recent advancements in fabrication techniques, such as the development of powder metallurgy, have made it possible to tailor the mechanical properties of functionally gradient piezoelectric (FGP) micro/nanostructures. This class of structures can be used to improve the performance of many micro/nanoelectromechanical systems because of their spatially varying mechanical and electrical properties. The importance of FGP micro/nanoscale structures has been demonstrated by the growing number of published works on their size-dependent mechanical characteristics, including their static bending, buckling, vibration, energy harvesters and wave propagation using scale-dependent continuum-based models. Reviewing recent developments in the field of non-classical continuum mechanics, this paper examines the size-dependent mechanical analysis of porous FGP micro/ nanostructures. Five sophisticated theories of piezoelectricity—modified couple stress, strain gradient, surface effect, as well as nonlocal and nonlocal strain gradient theory, for example—are given special consideration in light of their potential to forecast unusual mechanical performance and wave characteristics in porous FGP micro/nanostructures and devices. In the future, porous FGP micro/nanostructures with multi-field couplings may be studied or designed, and this article may be a helpful resource.