Abstract
Abstract
Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is establishing itself as an essential technique for the characterisation of materials. The number of specialised photoelectron spectroscopy techniques making use of hard x-rays is steadily increasing and ever more complex experimental designs enable truly transformative insights into the chemical, electronic, magnetic, and structural nature of materials. This paper begins with a short historic perspective of HAXPES and spans from developments in the early days of photoelectron spectroscopy to provide an understanding of the origin and initial development of the technique to state-of-the-art instrumentation and experimental capabilities. The main motivation for and focus of this paper is to provide a picture of the technique in 2020, including a detailed overview of available experimental systems worldwide and insights into a range of specific measurement modi and approaches. We also aim to provide a glimpse into the future of the technique including possible developments and opportunities.
Funder
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
VINNOVA
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Vetenskapsrådet
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions
Subject
Condensed Matter Physics,General Materials Science
Cited by
64 articles.
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