Achieving ecocentric environmental ethics through progressive law enforcement against illegal tin mining in Belitung Island

Abstract

Abstract Historical records indicate that tin mining exploitation on Belitung Island commenced three centuries ago and has continued to the present day. Consequently, the mined areas are undoubtedly extensive, as are the resulting environmental impacts. Ideally, mining permit holders should adhere to environmentally friendly mining practices, including fulfilling reclamation obligations. However, the proliferation of illegal mining practices has become a pressing issue. Illegal mining operations tend to relocate frequently, causing environmental damage without undertaking reclamation efforts. These illegal mining activities, driven by economic interests, clearly reflect an anthropocentric perspective that disregards environmental considerations. Therefore, strategic measures are necessary to realize ecocentric-based mining, where the interests of all natural entities reach an equilibrium point. Progressive law enforcement aligns with the ethics of ecocentrism. This qualitative study aims to identify and formulate progressive law enforcement measures to achieve environmentally friendly tin mining on Belitung Island.