A Critical Review on Key Issues of Performance Degradation Factors for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Abstract The rich performance characteristics of lithium-ion batteries make them extensively used for both primary and secondary applications. The Battery Management System plays a vital role in the measurement of health indicating factors such as state of health, state of power, Internal resistance, temperature, and rate of reactions. From this, it gives useful information about battery degradation. In this paper, a review is made for studying various key topics such as (i) different generations of BMS and their functions associated with monitoring, analysing, and predicting, (ii) battery electrode materials and their potential advantages and disadvantages. Various types of cathode materials such as Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium-Ion Phosphate (LFP). Nickel Cobalt Manganese (NCM), are discussed with respect to the features terminal voltage, safety, long life, and thermal stability. Similarly, the anode materials graphite, graphene, LTO and, silicon is also taking part in battery performance and the health indicating factors such as irreversibility, specific capacity, SEI layer, structural deformation, lithium diffusion rate, ionic conductivity are considered for the discussion. It is stated that the columbic efficiency of these materials is 95.4%. (iii) The battery degradation happens in every stage of the battery life cycle. The battery life cycle refers to the designing of battery materials, manufacturing, production state, and usage in primary and secondary applications. The various factors such as external factors and aging factors (internal side reaction and storage degradation) are studied in terms of various degradation modes are studied. The results for the cell voltage variation under various temperature is tested and dependent-characteristics are analysed using contour graphical analysis. Under high temperature the voltage drop is accelerated more and it is indicated in green region of the contour plot. In addition, it is observed that, the temperature from 32°C - 34°C, the change in cell voltage variation is minimum.