Self-supplied water in Indonesia: recent spatial and socio-demographic conditions and its future development

Abstract

Abstract Indonesia is currently on track in achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Goal 6. In clean water provision, many regions, especially urban areas, are facilitated by both state-owned and private-owned water utility companies. However, the coverage of these public and private clean water providers is still limited. Many households in areas not covered with formal clean water provisions secure their needs with self-supplied clean water provisions. Many works of literature show that self-supplied clean water can be an alternative to the unequal, slow and even failed public provision of water services. However, there has been little research in Indonesia that attempts to examine the current self-supplied water managed by communities. Thus, this paper explores the provision of self-supplied water at the household level using the 2018 SUSENAS data. This paper will develop two categories of households based on the source of clean water both in rural and urban areas and explore several other categories (based on administrative and geographical characteristics). The purpose of this research is to show the potential of self-supplied water in various regions in Indonesia to support the government’s strategy and progress in achieving universal access to clean water by 2030.