Conservation and utilization of Melaleuca cajuputi sub sp cajuputi, an indigenous species in Moluccas Island, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract Melaleuca cajuput (cajuput) subsp. cajuputi is an endemic species of Indonesia, found naturally in the island of Buru, Seram and Ambon and cultivated in Java. The cajuputi tree is harvested for the leaves which contain important essential oil of 1,8 cineole. Because of intensive utilization and inappropriate management of the resources, the genetic diversity in the natural distribution is under threat. Collection of genetic materials across its natural distribution conducted in 1995 and 1998 had captured more than 160 genotypes for screening of high oil yield and 1,8 cineole content. The selected genotypes had been planted as seed orchards in Java for production of genetically improved seeds. Breeding program is continuing to produce elite clones. The use of superior seeds/clones for plantation is the best solution to increase cajuput oil production and to achieve self-sufficiency in oil supply. Both industrial scale and smallholder plantations are being established to increase the national production which currently stood at around 650 ton/year whilst domestic demand is already over 3500 ton/year. The species is a good example of successful domestication. The native stands are still utilized for oil production and plantations outside the natural range are developing. The paper also discusses importance of breeding program to increase cajuputi oil production in Indonesia.