Man, Woman, and Water: Exploring Gender Dynamics in Urban Water Clean Access in Makassar City

Abstract

Abstract Gender dynamics play a significant role in shaping access to clean water in urban areas. This study examines the disparities in burdens between men and women and highlights the spectrum of gender dynamics related to clean water access. The research was conducted in the Tallo district of Makassar City, characterized by slums and low-income households. Data were collected through interviews with 200 heads of households using a self-administered questionnaire and combined with participatory observation. The study reveals that adult women (mothers, wives, aunts, sisters, and sisters-in-law) experience more significant burdens in aspects of water collection, time poverty, health and safety risks, hygiene, and sanitation compared to adult men (fathers, husbands, uncles, and brothers). Regarding decision-making power in water access, heavy burdens are experienced by male children (sons and nephews) and female children (daughters and nieces). Women often face more significant challenges in obtaining safe and affordable water access due to gender role demands in domestic tasks and limited water infrastructure affecting water distribution in the community. The study underscores the need for gender-focused interventions to promote equitable access to clean water in Makassar City and empower women in water resource management and decision-making, improving water infrastructure.