Considerations on failure mechanisms of rock slopes involving toppling

Abstract

Abstract Probably, the most relevant issue in stability analysis of rock slopes is the correct identification of the potentially occurring failure mechanism, which should be mechanically analyzed to assess stability, later on. Traditional rock slope stability approaches consider planar, wedge, rotational and toppling failure as potential instability mechanisms. Whereas the three first types involve sliding associated to different geometries of the unstable element or mass, toppling often involves also sliding and very complex geometries of multiple elements. In this sense, toppling should be contemplated more like a group of mechanisms than like a simple mechanism such as planar or wedge failure. Toppling could involve moreover one or many blocks. Initial studies classified toppling failure mechanisms in three groups: block, flexural and block-flexural toppling. The stability analysis of rock slopes prone to toppling involves the mechanical analysis of individual slab like blocks, which are considered to present perfect rectangular cross-section. However, the actual shape of these rock elements may not be so regular, so the influence of more realistic irregular shapes is usually not accounted for. In this article, the author will address how some geometry variations may be included in this analysis based on analytical considerations and physical models. Additionally, failure mechanisms observed in rock cuts and open pits often combine toppling with other sliding phenomena in different more or less complex manners. These combined mechanisms involving toppling will be reviewed and some case studies worked out by the author will be presented. Moreover, all along this document, considerations will be put forward regarding the nature of toppling related phenomena where small equilibrium variations may produce a release of a large mechanical energy, which can ultimately produce the destabilization of large slopes or groups of blocks. This suggests that it is wise in these cases to analyze not only the factor of safety, but also the evolution of the potential failure mechanism to understand what is happening and eventually provide sensible and reliable designs or appropriate remedial measures.