A review of geodetic and remote sensing methods used for detecting surface displacements caused by mining

Abstract

Abstract The paper describes the main development trends of methods for determining surface displacements (deformations) resulting from the phenomenon of induced seismicity by mining operations. Due to the unpredictable and sudden nature of induced seismicity, it is difficult to make measurements of displacements by traditional geodetic methods. In order to determine the methods used to determine surface displacements, an extensive review of current scientific literature was carried out. The scope of the analysis included methods for measuring deformations in mining areas during and after mining. Based on the review of over a dozen research papers, geodetic and remote sensing methods are presented, which are used to determine surface displacements at a lower or higher intensity. The analysis of the methods concerned in particular: leveling, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), satellite radar interferometry, airborne LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the satellite radar interferometry is presently the predominant displacement detection technique.