A Review of Current Development of Altimetry Technique for Tidal and Water Level Measurement Practices and Its Relevance to Energy Industry Applications

Abstract

Abstract With massive geospatial coverage and adequate time series of sea surface height, spatio-temporal multi-mission satellite altimetry tidal modelling emerges as a profound potential solution for increasing accuracy and minimising variation across multiple offshore applications. Therefore, this article attempts to review the current implementation of satellite altimetry in the applicable area of studies relevant to conventional oil and gas applications toward sustainable energy applications. The implication of current spatio-temporal enhancement of tidal measurement by satellite altimetry at the coastal area and the offshore zone is discussed mainly to elaborate on current achievement as well as to gauge potential future optimisation for offshore applications in the energy industry. Spatio-temporal enhancement in conventional oil and gas field applications improves the integration of various offshore construction applications. The impact of this application is more significant as engineering construction adopts stringent and higher vertical data accuracy acceptance criteria. More comprehensive spatial information coverage of tidal regime, co-tidal range, the offshore co-tidal pattern should be more accessible by more intensive spatio-temporal enhancement attempts in various studies and implementations. This leads to higher reliability and integrity of offshore vertical references derivation.