Framework for determining the safety distance of karst caves adjacent to tunnels

Abstract

Abstract Karst caves pose safety issues for tunnels in karst areas. Karst caves at a certain distance from the tunnel must be treated fully to mitigate risks. A threshold of 3 m is typically adopted; caves within this threshold are fully treated, while those beyond are left untreated, regardless of the geological environment, cave features, tunnel design, operating conditions, etc. This poses risks to tunnel safety during construction and operation. This paper proposes a novel framework based on the aforementioned aspects to determine the treatment distance for caves from the perspective of uncertainty and risk. Geological conditions include the soil and rock type, weathering degree, underground water system, and pH. Karst caves primarily include the size, shape, distance, spatial distribution, density, and filling condition; the tunnel aspect refers to the tunnel diameter, construction method, design life, importance, lining, and tolerable criterion; and operation conditions refer to the vehicle speed, operation time, vehicle load, and maintenance. Herein, the parameters/indices for these aspects and methods to quantify their values are described. A decision-making process is illustrated to revive the mindset of risks in tunnel engineering. The proposed framework is effective for optimizing decision-making in karst cave treatment for tunnels in karst areas.