HiFAST: An H i Data Calibration and Imaging Pipeline for FAST. II. Flux Density Calibration

Abstract

Abstract Accurate flux density calibration is essential for precise analysis and interpretation of observations across different observation modes and instruments. In this research, we first introduce the flux calibration model that incorporated in HiFAST pipeline, and designed for processing H i 21 cm spectra. Furthermore, we investigate different calibration techniques and assess the dependence of the gain parameter on the time and environmental factors. A comparison is carried out in various observation modes (e.g., tracking and scanning modes) to determine the flux density gain (G), revealing insignificant discrepancies in G among different methods. Long-term monitoring data shows a linear correlation between G and atmospheric temperature. After subtracting the G–Temperature dependence, the dispersion of G is reduced to <3% over a one-year timescale. The stability of the receiver response of Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) is considered sufficient to facilitate H i observations that can accommodate a moderate error in flux calibration (e.g., > ∼ 5%) when utilizing a constant G for calibration purposes. Our study will serve as a useful addition to the results provided by Jiang et al. Detailed measurement of G for the 19 beams of FAST, covering the frequency range 1000–1500 MHz, can be found on the HiFAST homepage: https://hifast.readthedocs.io/fluxgain.