Constraining the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays across and above the ankle with the spectrum and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Author:

Abdul Halim A.,Abreu P.,Aglietta M.,Allekotte I.,Almeida Cheminant K.,Almela A.,Alvarez-Muñiz J.,Ammerman Yebra J.,Anastasi G.A.,Anchordoqui L.,Andrada B.,Andringa S.,Aramo C.,Araújo Ferreira P.R.,Arnone E.,Arteaga Velázquez J.C.,Asorey H.,Assis P.,Avila G.,Avocone E.,Badescu A.M.,Bakalova A.,Balaceanu A.,Barbato F.,Bellido J.A.,Berat C.,Bertaina M.E.,Bhatta G.,Biermann P.L.,Binet V.,Bismark K.,Bister T.,Biteau J.,Blazek J.,Bleve C.,Blümer J.,Boháčová M.,Boncioli D.,Bonifazi C.,Bonneau Arbeletche L.,Borodai N.,Brack J.,Bretz T.,Brichetto Orchera P.G.,Briechle F.L.,Buchholz P.,Bueno A.,Buitink S.,Buscemi M.,Büsken M.,Bwembya A.,Caballero-Mora K.S.,Caccianiga L.,Caracas I.,Caruso R.,Castellina A.,Catalani F.,Cataldi G.,Cazon L.,Cerda M.,Chinellato J.A.,Chudoba J.,Chytka L.,Clay R.W.,Cobos Cerutti A.C.,Colalillo R.,Coleman A.,Coluccia M.R.,Conceição R.,Condorelli A.,Consolati G.,Conte M.,Contreras F.,Convenga F.,Correia dos Santos D.,Covault C.E.,Cristinziani M.,Cruz Sanchez C.S.,Dasso S.,Daumiller K.,Dawson B.R.,de Almeida R.M.,de Jesús J.,de Jong S.J.,de Mello Neto J.R.T.,De Mitri I.,de Oliveira J.,de Oliveira Franco D.,de Palma F.,de Souza V.,De Vito E.,Del Popolo A.,Deligny O.,Deval L.,di Matteo A.,Dobre M.,Dobrigkeit C.,D'Olivo J.C.,Domingues Mendes L.M.,dos Anjos R.C.,Ebr J.,Eman M.,Engel R.,Epicoco I.,Erdmann M.,Etchegoyen A.,Falcke H.,Farmer J.,Farrar G.,Fauth A.C.,Fazzini N.,Feldbusch F.,Fenu F.,Fick B.,Figueira J.M.,Filipčič A.,Fitoussi T.,Flaggs B.,Fodran T.,Fujii T.,Fuster A.,Galea C.,Galelli C.,García B.,Gemmeke H.,Gesualdi F.,Gherghel-Lascu A.,Ghia P.L.,Giaccari U.,Giammarchi M.,Glombitza J.,Gobbi F.,Gollan F.,Golup G.,Gómez Berisso M.,Gómez Vitale P.F.,Gongora J.P.,González J.M.,González N.,Goos I.,Góra D.,Gorgi A.,Gottowik M.,Grubb T.D.,Guarino F.,Guedes G.P.,Guido E.,Hahn S.,Hamal P.,Hampel M.R.,Hansen P.,Harari D.,Harvey V.M.,Haungs A.,Hebbeker T.,Heck D.,Hojvat C.,Hörandel J.R.,Horvath P.,Hrabovský M.,Huege T.,Insolia A.,Isar P.G.,Janecek P.,Johnsen J.A.,Jurysek J.,Kääpä A.,Kampert K.H.,Keilhauer B.,Khakurdikar A.,Kizakke Covilakam V.V.,Klages H.O.,Kleifges M.,Kleinfeller J.,Knapp F.,Kunka N.,Lago B.L.,Langner N.,Leigui de Oliveira M.A.,Lenok V.,Letessier-Selvon A.,Lhenry-Yvon I.,Lo Presti D.,Lopes L.,López R.,Lu L.,Luce Q.,Lundquist J.P.,Machado Payeras A.,Majercakova M.,Mandat D.,Manning B.C.,Manshanden J.,Mantsch P.,Marafico S.,Mariani F.M.,Mariazzi A.G.,Mariş I.C.,Marsella G.,Martello D.,Martinelli S.,Martínez Bravo O.,Martins M.A.,Mastrodicasa M.,Mathes H.J.,Matthews J.,Matthiae G.,Mayotte E.,Mayotte S.,Mazur P.O.,Medina-Tanco G.,Meinert J.,Melo D.,Menshikov A.,Michal S.,Micheletti M.I.,Miramonti L.,Mollerach S.,Montanet F.,Morejon L.,Morello C.,Müller A.L.,Mulrey K.,Mussa R.,Muzio M.,Namasaka W.M.,Nasr-Esfahani A.,Nellen L.,Nicora G.,Niculescu-Oglinzanu M.,Niechciol M.,Nitz D.,Norwood I.,Nosek D.,Novotny V.,Nožka L.,Nucita A.,Núñez L.A.,Oliveira C.,Palatka M.,Pallotta J.,Parente G.,Parra A.,Pawlowsky J.,Pech M.,Pȩkala J.,Pelayo R.,Pereira Martins E.E.,Perez Armand J.,Pérez Bertolli C.,Perrone L.,Petrera S.,Petrucci C.,Pierog T.,Pimenta M.,Platino M.,Pont B.,Pothast M.,Pourmohammad Shavar M.,Privitera P.,Prouza M.,Puyleart A.,Querchfeld S.,Rautenberg J.,Ravignani D.,Reininghaus M.,Ridky J.,Riehn F.,Risse M.,Rizi V.,Rodrigues de Carvalho W.,Rodriguez Rojo J.,Roncoroni M.J.,Rossoni S.,Roth M.,Roulet E.,Rovero A.C.,Ruehl P.,Saftoiu A.,Saharan M.,Salamida F.,Salazar H.,Salina G.,Sanabria Gomez J.D.,Sánchez F.,Santos E.M.,Santos E.,Sarazin F.,Sarmento R.,Sato R.,Savina P.,Schäfer C.M.,Scherini V.,Schieler H.,Schimassek M.,Schimp M.,Schlüter F.,Schmidt D.,Scholten O.,Schoorlemmer H.,Schovánek P.,Schröder F.G.,Schulte J.,Schulz T.,Sciutto S.J.,Scornavacche M.,Segreto A.,Sehgal S.,Shivashankara S.U.,Sigl G.,Silli G.,Sima O.,Smau R.,Šmída R.,Sommers P.,Soriano J.F.,Squartini R.,Stadelmaier M.,Stanca D.,Stanič S.,Stasielak J.,Stassi P.,Straub M.,Streich A.,Suárez-Durán M.,Suomijärvi T.,Supanitsky A.D.,Szadkowski Z.,Tapia A.,Taricco C.,Timmermans C.,Tkachenko O.,Tobiska P.,Todero Peixoto C.J.,Tomé B.,Torrès Z.,Travaini A.,Travnicek P.,Trimarelli C.,Tueros M.,Ulrich R.,Unger M.,Vaclavek L.,Vacula M.,Valdés Galicia J.F.,Valore L.,Varela E.,Vásquez-Ramírez A.,Veberič D.,Ventura C.,Vergara Quispe I.D.,Verzi V.,Vicha J.,Vink J.,Vorobiov S.,Watanabe C.,Watson A.A.,Weindl A.,Wiencke L.,Wilczyński H.,Wittkowski D.,Wundheiler B.,Yushkov A.,Zapparrata O.,Zas E.,Zavrtanik D.,Zavrtanik M.

Abstract

Abstract In this work we present the interpretation of the energy spectrum and mass composition data as measured by the Pierre Auger Collaboration above 6 × 1017 eV. We use an astrophysical model with two extragalactic source populations to model the hardening of the cosmic-ray flux at around 5 × 1018 eV (the so-called “ankle” feature) as a transition between these two components. We find our data to be well reproduced if sources above the ankle emit a mixed composition with a hard spectrum and a low rigidity cutoff. The component below the ankle is required to have a very soft spectrum and a mix of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei. The origin of this intermediate-mass component is not well constrained and it could originate from either Galactic or extragalactic sources. To the aim of evaluating our capability to constrain astrophysical models, we discuss the impact on the fit results of the main experimental systematic uncertainties and of the assumptions about quantities affecting the air shower development as well as the propagation and redshift distribution of injected ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).

Publisher

IOP Publishing

Subject

Astronomy and Astrophysics

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