BDS-3 six-frequency precise point positioning: effects of receiver-dependent inter-frequency clock bias and multi-frequency contributions

Abstract

Abstract We find that there is time-varying bias at the receiver in BDS-3 multi-frequency phase observations, which will lead to receiver-dependent inter-frequency clock bias (RIFCB) and damage the rigor of BDS-3 multi-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) model. A unified RIFCB correction method compatible with uncombined and ionospheric-free combined PPP models using any BDS-3 frequencies is proposed. The contributions of multi-frequency integration to BDS-3 static and kinematic PPP performance are evaluated. The results indicate that the RIFCB amplitude can reach 1 dm. If the RIFCB correction is ignored, the phase observation residuals present a systematic bias. RIFCB has potential effects on precise time transfer, ionospheric monitoring, and fractional cycle bias estimation. Experimental results show that the long-term frequency stability of time transfer can be improved by correcting RIFCB. The joint use of all BDS-3 six-frequency signals can significantly shorten the convergence time, and the positioning accuracy can also be slightly improved.