Influence of peripheral axon geometry and local anatomy on magnetostimulation chronaxie

Abstract

Abstract Objective. Rapid switching of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gradient fields induces electric fields that can cause peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and so accurate characterization of PNS is required to maintain patient safety and comfort while maximizing MRI performance. The minimum magnetic gradient amplitude that causes stimulation, the PNS threshold, depends on intrinsic axon properties and the spatial and temporal properties of the induced electric field. The PNS strength–duration curve is widely used to characterize simulation thresholds for periodic waveforms and is parameterized by the chronaxie and rheobase. Safety limits to avoid unwanted PNS in MRI rely on a single chronaxie value to characterize the response of all nerves. However, experimental magnetostimulation peripheral nerve chronaxie values vary by an order of magnitude. Given the diverse range of chronaxies observed and the importance of this number in MRI safety models, we seek a deeper understanding of the mechanisms contributing to chronaxie variability. Approach. We use a coupled electromagnetic-neurodynamic PNS model to assess geometric sources of chronaxie variability. We study the impact of the position of the stimulating magnetic field coil relative to the body, along with the effect of local anatomical features and nerve trajectories on the driving function and the resulting chronaxie. Main results. We find realistic variation of local axon and tissue geometry can modulate a given axon’s chronaxie by up to two-fold. Our results identify the temporal rate of charge redistribution as the underlying determinant of the chronaxie. Significance. This charge distribution is a function of both intrinsic axon properties and the spatial stimulus along the nerve; thus, examination of the local tissue topology, which shapes the electric fields, as well as the nerve trajectory, are critical for better understanding chronaxie variations and defining more biologically informed MRI safety guidelines.