Nanoparticles influence the herbicide diuron mediated toxicity on marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: single and mixture exposure study

Abstract

Abstract The exposure of habitats to the herbicide diuron, one of the most effective and highly used antifouling agents worldwide, leads to serious environmental toxicity, mainly for marine invertebrates. Moreover, nanoparticles (NPs) act as carriers of organic pollutants in marine ecosystems, thereby influencing their bioaccumulation and toxicity in exposed organisms. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined toxicity of diuron and two NPs (ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs) at sub-lethal doses on the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.