1. Herbert Hoover quoted in Wallace M. M. (2001) International Human ights Sweet and Maxwell Londonp.133.
2. De Koker L. (2001) `Money Laundering Control in South Africa Ð A South African Response to an American Comment' Financial Crime eviewVol.9p. 10; De Koker L. (1999) `The Prosecution of Economic Crime in South Africa Ð Some Thoughts on Problems and Solutions' in De Koker L. Rider B. A. K. and Henning J. J. (eds) Victims of Economic Crime UOFS Bloemfontein pp.1-3. See also Pretorius J. L. and Strydom H. A. (1998) `The Constitutionality of Civil Forfeiture'South African Public Lawp. 385.
3. It contains mechanisms for con®scation of proceeds of crime and for forfeiture of proceeds and instrumentalities of crimes. It furthermore provides for traditional ®nancial penalties in the form of monetary ®nes. See De Koker (2001) ibid. p.11. The provisions are discussed in detail in `Forfeiture and Con®scation Provisions' below. Forfeiture and con®scation orders are not necessarily punitive in nature. However in certain cases the eect of these orders can be punitive. For a discussion on the US approach to the possible punitive nature of forfeiture and con®scation (referred to as criminal forfeiture in the USA) orders see Pretorius and Strydom in ref. 7 p. 392. See also National Director of Public Prosecutions v Basson case no. 22421/99 (T) where this matter was discussed by Roux J.
4. De Koker L. and Pretorius J. L. (1998) `Con®scation orders in terms of the Proceeds of Crime Act: Some Constitutional Perspectives' in De Koker L. and Henning J. J. (eds) Money Laundering Control in South Africa UOFS Bloemfonteinp.145.