Elements of a cybernetic epistemology

Abstract

PurposeThis paper analyzes how two (or more) controllers can interact with just one controlled system. This is a basic situation in biology and sociology, but was practically never investigated. Control theory usually investigates only the interaction of one controller with one controlled system, i.e. how a goal‐orientated system can dominate a niche.Design/methodology/approachAll factors determining the behavior of two feedback systems acting upon just one controlled system are analyzed systematically.FindingsThe analysis shows that there are just three possibilities of interaction, i.e. conflict, hierarchy or cooperation. With the well‐known domination of a niche, this gives just four modes of coexistence for goal‐orientated systems. It is shown how these modes of coexistence surface in psychology, group dynamics and politics, but has been studied so far under totally different headings.Practical implicationsRepeated patterns of shifts in power relations can be explained by distinguishing two power cycles. Both lead to hierarchies – either to forcefully end conflict or to peacefully ensure cooperation – which bear in them the source for future conflict. Additionally the investigation allows to identify unsolvable conflicts.Originality/valueThe paper shows how a cybernetic analysis of decision making allows to find a unifying approach to different concepts in psychology, group dynamics and politics. Such it provides elements for a cybernetic epistemology.