Alteration Mineral Mapping of the Shadan Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit (Iran) Using Airborne Imaging Spectroscopic Data: Implications for Exploration Drilling

Abstract

Abstract Porphyry copper deposits are associated with large alteration footprints, and alteration mapping plays a key role in the exploration of these deposits. Imaging spectroscopy is commonly deployed for exploration targeting, yet it has rarely been used to map deposit-scale alteration patterns before initiating drilling. To close this gap, the Shadan porphyry Cu-Au deposit was thoroughly studied using the HyMap hyperspectral data (visible near-infrared–short-wave infrared) at 5-m resolution corroborated by rock geochemistry, magnetometry, and laboratory spectroscopy. Shadan is a well-exposed deposit with near-perfect zonation located in the volcanic belts of eastern Iran containing >135 Mt of ore at 0.3% Cu and 0.4 g/t Au. Thirteen minerals, including white mica, Al smectite, kaolinite, ferric/ferrous minerals, biotite, actinolite, epidote, chlorite, tourmaline, and jarosite, were mapped by applying the multifeature extraction methodology. The propylitic zone was partitioned into actinolite, epidote, and chlorite subfacies. The compositions of biotite and white mica were observed to become Fe and Al rich, respectively, toward the mineralized zones. The chemistry of actinolite was observed to change from Fe to Mg rich inward, providing a new vectoring tool for porphyry copper exploration. The study provided significant information about fluid-rock interactions and the chemistry of the circulating fluids including the oxidation-reduction states and acidity. By integrating the mineral maps with other data sets using the fuzzy logic method, the promising (ore) zones were identified and used to plan the next-stage drilling. This work demonstrated that imaging spectroscopy can be effectively used to better understand porphyry systems and provide deposit-scale vectors toward the mineralized centers, facilitating drilling.