Multi-parametric study of seismogenic anomalies during the 2021 Crete earthquake (M=6.0)

Abstract

It is well established that pre- and co-seismic irregularities in the earth’s atmosphere highly depend on a set of parameters. According to the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) mechanism, these parameters are associated with various channels (thermal, chemical, acoustic, electromagnetic, etc.) through which an earthquake (EQ) preparation process can have its anomalous phenomena. In this research, we perform a multi-parametric observation using various channels during a strong EQ (M = 6.0) on September 27, 2021, on Crete Island in Greece. We investigate the acoustic and electromagnetic channel using ground and satellite-based observation. We present the Atmospheric Gravity Wave (AGW) in the acoustic channel using the temperature profile computed from the SABER/TIMED instrument. In the electromagnetic channel, ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) is recorded by the GNSS-IGS station DYNG in Greece. This TEC information is also used in the acoustic channel anomaly by computing the wave-like structures in the small-scale fluctuation of the TEC profile. We compute energetic (30 to 100 keV) electron precipitation in the inner radiation belt from the NOAA satellite. We also investigate the outcomes of the SWARM satellite to compute the magnetic field and electron density profile. All the parameters show significant seismogenic anomalies (mostly enhancement) before the EQ. To understand each parameter’s temporal and spatial sensitivity, we present a comparison using the anomalies in each parameter.