Population, genetic, and antigenic diversity of the apicomplexanEimeria tenellaand their relevance to vaccine development

Abstract

The phylum Apicomplexa includes serious pathogens of humans and animals. Understanding the distribution and population structure of these protozoan parasites is of fundamental importance to explain disease epidemiology and develop sustainable controls. Predicting the likely efficacy and longevity of subunit vaccines in field populations relies on knowledge of relevant preexisting antigenic diversity, population structure, the likelihood of coinfection by genetically distinct strains, and the efficiency of cross-fertilization. All four of these factors have been investigated forPlasmodiumspecies parasites, revealing both clonal and panmictic population structures with exceptional polymorphism associated with immunoprotective antigens such as apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1). For the coccidianToxoplasma gondiionly genomic diversity and population structure have been defined in depth so far; for the closely relatedEimeriaspecies, all four variables are currently unknown. UsingEimeria tenella, a major cause of the enteric disease coccidiosis, which exerts a profound effect on chicken productivity and welfare, we determined population structure, genotype distribution, and likelihood of cross-fertilization during coinfection and also investigated the extent of naturally occurring antigenic diversity for theE.tenellaAMA1 homolog. Using genome-wide Sequenom SNP-based haplotyping, targeted sequencing, and single-cell genotyping, we show that in this coccidian the functionality ofEtAMA1 appears to outweigh immune evasion. This result is in direct contrast to the situation inPlasmodiumand most likely is underpinned by the biology of the direct and acute coccidian life cycle in the definitive host.