Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish, the whale shark

Author:

Womersley Freya C.12ORCID,Humphries Nicolas E.1ORCID,Queiroz Nuno13ORCID,Vedor Marisa3ORCID,da Costa Ivo3ORCID,Furtado Miguel3ORCID,Tyminski John P.4ORCID,Abrantes Katya567,Araujo Gonzalo89ORCID,Bach Steffen S.10,Barnett Adam567,Berumen Michael L.11ORCID,Bessudo Lion Sandra12,Braun Camrin D.1314ORCID,Clingham Elizabeth15,Cochran Jesse E. M.11,de la Parra Rafael16ORCID,Diamant Stella17,Dove Alistair D. M.18ORCID,Dudgeon Christine L.19,Erdmann Mark V.20ORCID,Espinoza Eduardo2122ORCID,Fitzpatrick Richard56,Cano Jaime González23,Green Jonathan R.24,Guzman Hector M.25ORCID,Hardenstine Royale11,Hasan Abdi26,Hazin Fábio H. V.27,Hearn Alex R.2228ORCID,Hueter Robert E.429,Jaidah Mohammed Y.30,Labaja Jessica8,Ladino Felipe12,Macena Bruno C. L.2731ORCID,Morris John J.4,Norman Bradley M.3233,Peñaherrera-Palma Cesar22,Pierce Simon J.34ORCID,Quintero Lina M.12,Ramírez-Macías Dení35ORCID,Reynolds Samantha D.3336ORCID,Richardson Anthony J.3738ORCID,Robinson David P.39,Rohner Christoph A.34ORCID,Rowat David R. L.40,Sheaves Marcus57ORCID,Shivji Mahmood S.41,Sianipar Abraham B.42,Skomal Gregory B.43,Soler German12,Syakurachman Ismail42,Thorrold Simon R.14ORCID,Webb D. Harry18,Wetherbee Bradley M.4144,White Timothy D.45ORCID,Clavelle Tyler45,Kroodsma David A.45ORCID,Thums Michele46,Ferreira Luciana C.46ORCID,Meekan Mark G.46ORCID,Arrowsmith Lucy M.47ORCID,Lester Emily K.47,Meyers Megan M.47ORCID,Peel Lauren R.48,Sequeira Ana M. M.48,Eguíluz Victor M.49ORCID,Duarte Carlos M.11ORCID,Sims David W.1250ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom

2. Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom

3. CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratorio Associado/BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Universidade do Porto, 4485-668 Vairão, Portugal

4. Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL 34236

5. College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia

6. Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia

7. Marine Data Technology Hub, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia

8. Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Bohol 6308, Philippines

9. Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Lydeard St Lawrence TA4 3SJ, United Kingdom

10. Qatar Whale Shark Research Project, Doha, Qatar

11. Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

12. Fundación Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos, Bogata 110111, Colombia

13. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105

14. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543

15. St Helena Government, Jamestown STHL 1ZZ, St Helena

16. Ch'ooj Ajuail AC, 77509 Cancún, Mexico

17. Madagascar Whale Shark Project, Nosy Be, Madagascar

18. Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA 30313

19. School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia

20. Conservation International New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

21. Dirección Parque Nacional Galapagos, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

22. MigraMar, Olema, CA 94956

23. Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Cancún 77500, México

24. Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

25. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama 0843-03092, Republic of Panama

26. Conservation International Raja Ampat, West Papua 98416, Indonesia

27. Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco¸ Recife/PE 52171-900, Brazil

28. Galapagos Science Center, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito 170901, Ecuador

29. OCEARCH, Park City, UT 84068

30. Qatar Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar

31. Okeanos R&D Centre, University of the Azores, 9900-140 Horta, Portugal

32. Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia

33. ECOCEAN Inc., Serpentine, WA 6125, Australia

34. Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA 96161

35. Whale Shark Mexico, Conexiones Terramar AC, 23205 La Paz, Mexico

36. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia

37. Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia

38. Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia

39. Sundive Research, Byron Bay, NSW 2481, Australia

40. Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Mahe, Seychelles

41. Department of Biological Sciences, The Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004

42. Conservation International Indonesia, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia

43. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA 02744

44. Department of Biological Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881

45. Global Fishing Watch, Washington, DC, 20036

46. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

47. Oceans Graduate School and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

48. Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

49. Instituto de Fisica Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain

50. Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom

Abstract

Significance Global vessel traffic is increasing alongside world economic growth. The potential for rising lethal ship strikes on endangered species of marine megafauna, such as the plankton-feeding whale shark, remains poorly understood since areas of highest overlap are seldom determined across an entire species range. Here we show how satellite tracking whale sharks and large vessel movements globally provides a means to localize high-overlap areas and to determine how collision risk changes in time. Our results point to potential high levels of undetected or unreported ship strikes, which may explain why whale shark populations continue to decline despite protection and low fishing-induced mortality. Collision mitigations in high-collision-risk areas appear necessary to help conserve this iconic species.

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference38 articles.

1. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Review of maritime transport 2020 (2020). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt2020_en.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2022.

2. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Review of maritime transport 1995 (1995). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/rmt1995_en.pdf. Accessed 25 January 2022.

3. Overhauling Ocean Spatial Planning to Improve Marine Megafauna Conservation

4. A Global Review of Vessel Collisions With Marine Animals

5. Global spatial risk assessment of sharks under the footprint of fisheries

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