CMOS-compatible reconstructive spectrometers with self-referencing integrated Fabry–Perot resonators

Abstract

Miniaturized reconstructive spectrometers play a pivotal role in on-chip and portable devices, offering high-resolution spectral measurement through precalibrated spectral responses and AI–driven reconstruction. However, two key challenges persist for practical applications: artificial intervention in algorithm parameters and compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing. We present a cutting-edge miniaturized reconstructive spectrometer that incorporates a self-adaptive algorithm referenced with Fabry–Perot resonators, delivering precise spectral tests across the visible range. The spectrometers are fabricated with CMOS technology at the wafer scale, achieving a resolution of ~2.5 nm, an average wavelength deviation of ~0.27 nm, and a resolution-to-bandwidth ratio of ~0.46%. Our approach provides a path toward versatile and robust reconstructive miniaturized spectrometers and facilitates their commercialization.