Underpotential lithium plating on graphite anodes caused by temperature heterogeneity

Author:

Wang HansenORCID,Zhu YangyingORCID,Kim Sang Cheol,Pei AllenORCID,Li Yanbin,Boyle David T.,Wang Hongxia,Zhang Zewen,Ye YushengORCID,Huang WilliamORCID,Liu YayuanORCID,Xu Jinwei,Li Jun,Liu Fang,Cui Yi

Abstract

Rechargeability and operational safety of commercial lithium (Li)-ion batteries demand further improvement. Plating of metallic Li on graphite anodes is a critical reason for Li-ion battery capacity decay and short circuit. It is generally believed that Li plating is caused by the slow kinetics of graphite intercalation, but in this paper, we demonstrate that thermodynamics also serves a crucial role. We show that a nonuniform temperature distribution within the battery can make local plating of Li above 0 V vs. Li0/Li+(room temperature) thermodynamically favorable. This phenomenon is caused by temperature-dependent shifts of the equilibrium potential of Li0/Li+. Supported by simulation results, we confirm the likelihood of this failure mechanism during commercial Li-ion battery operation, including both slow and fast charging conditions. This work furthers the understanding of nonuniform Li plating and will inspire future studies to prolong the cycling lifetime of Li-ion batteries.

Funder

U.S. Department of Energy

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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