Three-dimensional mesostructures as high-temperature growth templates, electronic cellular scaffolds, and self-propelled microrobots

Author:

Yan Zheng,Han Mengdi,Shi Yan,Badea Adina,Yang Yiyuan,Kulkarni Ashish,Hanson Erik,Kandel Mikhail E.,Wen Xiewen,Zhang Fan,Luo Yiyue,Lin Qing,Zhang Hang,Guo Xiaogang,Huang Yuming,Nan Kewang,Jia Shuai,Oraham Aaron W.,Mevis Molly B.,Lim Jaeman,Guo Xuelin,Gao Mingye,Ryu Woomi,Yu Ki Jun,Nicolau Bruno G.,Petronico Aaron,Rubakhin Stanislav S.,Lou Jun,Ajayan Pulickel M.,Thornton Katsuyo,Popescu Gabriel,Fang Daining,Sweedler Jonathan V.,Braun Paul V.,Zhang Haixia,Nuzzo Ralph G.,Huang Yonggang,Zhang Yihui,Rogers John A.

Abstract

Recent work demonstrates that processes of stress release in prestrained elastomeric substrates can guide the assembly of sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures in advanced materials. Reported application examples include soft electronic components, tunable electromagnetic and optical devices, vibrational metrology platforms, and other unusual technologies, each enabled by uniquely engineered 3D architectures. A significant disadvantage of these systems is that the elastomeric substrates, while essential to the assembly process, can impose significant engineering constraints in terms of operating temperatures and levels of dimensional stability; they also prevent the realization of 3D structures in freestanding forms. Here, we introduce concepts in interfacial photopolymerization, nonlinear mechanics, and physical transfer that bypass these limitations. The results enable 3D mesostructures in fully or partially freestanding forms, with additional capabilities in integration onto nearly any class of substrate, from planar, hard inorganic materials to textured, soft biological tissues, all via mechanisms quantitatively described by theoretical modeling. Illustrations of these ideas include their use in 3D structures as frameworks for templated growth of organized lamellae from AgCl–KCl eutectics and of atomic layers of WSe2 from vapor-phase precursors, as open-architecture electronic scaffolds for formation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neural networks, and as catalyst supports for propulsive systems in 3D microswimmers with geometrically controlled dynamics. Taken together, these methodologies establish a set of enabling options in 3D micro/nanomanufacturing that lie outside of the scope of existing alternatives.

Funder

U.S. Department of Energy, John A. Rogers

DOD | USAF | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research, John A. Rogers

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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