In situ evidence for Paleoindian hematite quarrying at the Powars II site (48PL330), Wyoming

Author:

Pelton Spencer R.1ORCID,Becerra-Valdivia Lorena2ORCID,Craib Alexander3,Allaun Sarah3ORCID,Mahan Chase3,Koenig Charles3ORCID,Kelley Erin1ORCID,Zeimens George4ORCID,Frison George C.3

Affiliation:

1. Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071

2. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, United Kingdom

3. Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071

4. Sunrise Historic and Prehistoric Preservation Society, Hartville, WY 82215

Abstract

Significance Red ocher (also known as hematite) is relatively common in Paleoindian sites exceeding ca. 11,000 calibrated years B.P. in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains of North America. Red ocher fulfilled a wide range of functions within Paleoindian societies, as indicated by its association with graves, caches, campsites, hide-working implements, and kill sites. To date, the Powars II site is the only red ocher quarry identified in the North American archaeological record north of Mesoamerica. Prior studies of Powars II were based on analyses of artifacts recovered from a redeposited context. This study presents in situ evidence for red ocher quarrying at Powars II.

Publisher

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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