Strong methane point sources contribute a disproportionate fraction of total emissions across multiple basins in the United States

Abstract

Understanding, prioritizing, and mitigating methane (CH 4 ) emissions requires quantifying CH 4 budgets from facility scales to regional scales with the ability to differentiate between source sectors. We deployed a tiered observing system for multiple basins in the United States (San Joaquin Valley, Uinta, Denver-Julesburg, Permian, Marcellus). We quantify strong point source emissions (>10 kg CH 4 h −1 ) using airborne imaging spectrometers, attribute them to sectors, and assess their intermittency with multiple revisits. We compare these point source emissions to total basin CH 4 fluxes derived from inversion of Sentinel-5p satellite CH 4 observations. Across basins, point sources make up on average 40% of the regional flux. We sampled some basins several times across multiple months and years and find a distinct bimodal structure to emission timescales: the total point source budget is split nearly in half by short-lasting and long-lasting emission events. With the increasing airborne and satellite observing capabilities planned for the near future, tiered observing systems will more fully quantify and attribute CH 4 emissions from facility to regional scales, which is needed to effectively and efficiently reduce methane emissions.