Author:
Norton James J. S.,Lee Dong Sup,Lee Jung Woo,Lee Woosik,Kwon Ohjin,Won Phillip,Jung Sung-Young,Cheng Huanyu,Jeong Jae-Woong,Akce Abdullah,Umunna Stephen,Na Ilyoun,Kwon Yong Ho,Wang Xiao-Qi,Liu ZhuangJian,Paik Ungyu,Huang Yonggang,Bretl Timothy,Yeo Woon-Hong,Rogers John A.
Abstract
Recent advances in electrodes for noninvasive recording of electroencephalograms expand opportunities collecting such data for diagnosis of neurological disorders and brain–computer interfaces. Existing technologies, however, cannot be used effectively in continuous, uninterrupted modes for more than a few days due to irritation and irreversible degradation in the electrical and mechanical properties of the skin interface. Here we introduce a soft, foldable collection of electrodes in open, fractal mesh geometries that can mount directly and chronically on the complex surface topology of the auricle and the mastoid, to provide high-fidelity and long-term capture of electroencephalograms in ways that avoid any significant thermal, electrical, or mechanical loading of the skin. Experimental and computational studies establish the fundamental aspects of the bending and stretching mechanics that enable this type of intimate integration on the highly irregular and textured surfaces of the auricle. Cell level tests and thermal imaging studies establish the biocompatibility and wearability of such systems, with examples of high-quality measurements over periods of 2 wk with devices that remain mounted throughout daily activities including vigorous exercise, swimming, sleeping, and bathing. Demonstrations include a text speller with a steady-state visually evoked potential-based brain–computer interface and elicitation of an event-related potential (P300 wave).
Funder
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University
National Security Science and Engineering
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Ministry of Science, Korea
Publisher
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Cited by
293 articles.
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