1. necrosis factor-ax(TNF-x data not shown). ple. After consumption of excessive
2. Since TNF-a (19) can result in weight amounts of VA some humans could be
3. loss this is a possible cause of the weight exposed to other immunomodulators and
4. loss or decreased weight gain (rats) that was also to potentially toxic chemicals.
5. observed. Therefore it will be important to better These studies demonstrate that large characterize how VA and other immuno