Growth Groups: Do the Outcomes Really Last?

Abstract

Outcome studies of encounter groups, marathons, sensitivity training, human potential, and other growth-oriented, group-based interventions generally emphasize immediate posttest results. Relatively few investigators assess the durability of changes experienced by participants or examine delayed or cumulative effects. In this review, 26 controlled studies of growth group outcomes were used to evaluate the effectiveness of growth groups in facilitating enduring changes in the domain of interpersonal relationships. Each study (1) had a repeated measures design, (2) involved 10 or more hours of group intervention, and (3) included follow-up data collected at least 1 month after the completion of the group experience. Outcomes are assessed in the categories of self-actualization, interpersonal orientation, attitudes, interpersonal dimensions of personality, and behavior. Despite the low frequency of enduring positive changes, evidence supports the contention that some lasting positive effects are potentially available to growth group participants. Critical elements of the group process are identified that may relate the treatments themselves to the reported outcomes. Membership and leadership considerations mediating positive lasting effects are inferred from the data.